Glossary

Verbal English equivalents and explanations are given for the purpose of helping the reader develop some initial notion concerning such technical Islamic terms, although their meanings would require considerable background to understand.-A-‘âbid: one who worships much, devoted.adâ: performing namâz in its appointed time.adab: (pl. âdâb) there is a special adab in doing everything. The adab of doing something means to follow the conditions necessary for doing it in the best way.adhân: call to prayer.‘âdil: a Sunnî Muslim who avoids grave sins and who does not habitually commit venial sins.adilla ash-Shar’iyya: the four sources of Islam: al-Our’ân al-karîm, al-Hadîth ash-sharîf, ijmâ’ al-Umma, and qiyâs al-fuqahâ’.afdal: more meritorious.Ahd-i atik: the Old Testament.Ahd-i jadid: the New Testament.ahkâm: rules, conclusions.ahl: people; Ahl al-Bait; immediate relatives of the Prophet: (according to most ‘ulamâ’) ‘Alî (first cousin and son-in-law), Fâtima (daughter), Hasan and Husain (grandsons).Ahl as-Sunnat: see Ahl as-Sunna (wa’l-Jamâ’a)Ahl as-Sunna (wa’l-Jamâ’a): the true pious Muslims who follow as-Sahâbat al-kirâm. These are called Sunnî Muslims. A Sunnî Muslim adapts himself to one of the four Madhhabs. These Madhhabs are Hanafî, Mâlikî, Shâfi’î and Hanbalî.Ahl-i Kitâb: [lit. the people of the Book] Jews and Christians.Ahl-i Qibla: a Muslim who believes all those religious matters that are indispensable and known through tawâtur (consensus).Ahl-i zimmat: see zimmî.a’immat al-madhâhib: pl. of imâm al-madhhab.âisa: old woman, older than 55 for Hanafî, 70 for Mâlikî.âkhirat: Hereafter.‘alaihissalâm: peace be upon Him.Alastu: Allah’s declaration: Alastu bi-rab-bikum? “Am I not your Rabb?” which, when He created Hadrat Adam, He asked to all the souls of Hadrat Adam’s descendants that would come until the end of the world.‘âlim: scholar, savant.‘Alîm: the Omniscient. One of the 99 Beautiful Names of Allahu ta’âlâ.Allahu ta’âlâ: Allah The Most High.Âmantu: the prayer in which all six tenets of belief in Islam are declared.amal-i kasîr: actions that are so many as to nullify the namâz are termed amal-i kasîr.amal-i qalîl: few actions that do not nullify the namâz are termed amal-i qalîl.Âmîn: (to Allahu ta’âlâ) “Accept my prayer.”amr-i-bi-l-ma’rûf: duty to teach Allahu ta’âlâ’s commandments and prohibitions.Angels of Haphaza: the two angels called Kirâman kâtibîn, who are on a person’s shoulders and who write down good and bad deeds, and those angels who protect a person against genies are called Angels of Haphaza.Ansâr: those Muslims who lived in Madîna and helped Rasûlullah when he migrated to Madîna. Those companions of the Prophet who migrated to Madîna from Mekka are called Muhâjir.‘âqilbâligh: sane and pubert, who reach the age of maturity.aqîqa: it means to jugulate an animal with the intention of thanking Allahu ta’âlâ for the blessing of child. Two are killed for a son, while one is killed for a daughter. It is not fard; it is mustahab to kill it. That is, it is not sinful not to kill it.‘aql-i salîm: the wisdom which is salîm never goes wrong and never errs. It never does anything to necessitate repentance. It does not make mistakes in the things it considers. It always follows the course of actions that are good and that turn out good. It thinks properly, and finds the right way. Its deeds are always correct. This wisdom existed in Prophets only. They were successful in every activity they had started. They would not do anything that would make them repent or that would harm them. The one which is close to theirs is the wisdom of the Sahâba, of the Tâbi’ûn, of the Taba-i tâbi’ûn, and of the religious imâms. Theirs was a wisdom that was suitable for the rules of the Sharî’at. ‘aql-i saqîm: the wisdom that is saqîm is quite the opposite. It errs in its acts and thoughts, which always incur sorrow, repentance, harm and trouble.‘Arafât: a mount near Mecca, the open space located 24 kilometers north of Mecca.‘ârif: a great scholar who comprehended through their heart the knowledge about Allahu ta’âlâ and His attributes. For one to be an ’ârif, it is necessary to make progress and be promoted in the way of tasawwuf.‘Arsh: the end of matter bordering the seven skies and the Kursî which is outside the seventh sky and inside the ‘Arsh.Ashâb-i kahf: the seven Believers (in a cave in Tarsus) who attained high status because of emigrating to another place in order not to lose their faith when disbelievers invaded their land.Ashâb-i kirâm: A person who saw Hadrat Muhammad at least once when he was alive, is called a ‘Sahâbî’. It goes without saying that a Sahâbî is a Muslim. Ashâb is the plural form of Sahâbî. All the Sahâbîs are called ‘Ashâb-i Kirâm’.A'ûdhu: A’ûdhu billâhi min-ash-shaytânirrajîm [I seek refuge with Allah from the cursed Satan].Awâmir-i ashara: the Ten Commandments which Allahu ta’âlâ gave Mûsâ (Moses ‘alaihissalâm) on Mount Tur.awlâ: better.awliyâ: pl. of walî which means a person very much beloved to Allahu ta’âlâ.awrat parts: parts on one’s body which one must not open or show others and it is forbidden for others to see outside or during namâz, parts of the body that men and women have to cover, both during namâz and elsewhere. In Hanafî and Shâfi’î Madhhabs a man’s awrat parts for namâz and at all times are between his navel and lower parts of his knees. The knees are awrat in Hanafî and the navel is awrat in Shâfi’î. All parts of free women, except their palms and faces, including their wrists, outer parts of their hands, hanging parts of their hair and under their feet are awrat for namâz, in Hanafî. There are also valuable books saying that outer parts of hands are not awrat. When alone and not performing namâz, it is fard for women to cover between their knees and navels, wâjib to cover their backs and bellies, and adab [an act for which there is blessing, if omitted there is no sin] to cover their other parts. It is harâm in all the four Madhhabs for women to show nâmahram men [not one of the eighteen men whom the Sharî’at has prescribed as a woman’s close relatives] and female non-Muslims their bodies other than their faces and inside and outside their hands, and for these people to look at them.” In the Shâfi’î Madhhab, on the other hand, their faces and hands are awrat (and therefore must be covered) in the presence of men who are nâmahram to them.âyat: a Qur’anic verse, a verse of the Qur’ân al-karîm; al-âyat al-karîma.Âyat-al-kursî: one of the âyats in the Qur’ân. It explains the greatness of Allahu ta’âlâ and the fact that His power is infinite.‘ayn-ul-yaqîn: certainty coming from direct observation and seeing.azîmat: the more meritorious and difficult ways in carrying out commanments, which Islam holds superior.Azrâ’il: one of the four archangels, who takes the soul of human beings. -B-balâghat-i ilâhî: Divine Eloquence.bâligh: A boy whose genitalia has started producing spermatozoa becomes a bâligh. When a girl first begins menstruating, she becomes a bâligha (adolescent). From that day forth, they are responsible for the commands and prohibitions of Islam. The age limit for them to be considered as such is 9 for girls and 12 for boys. A boy who has not had sperm yet and a girl who has not experienced the menses are counted bâligh and bâligha once they are beyond the age of fifteen. Banî Israil: sons of Israel; Israelites; Jews.barakat: abundance, blessing.Basmala: Bismillâhirrahmânirrahîm.bayyad-Allahu wajhah: may Allahu ta’âlâ make his face luminous.bid’at: heresy, a heretical conduct or belief. Bid’at means something that was concocted afterwards. They are things that had not existed during the time of our Prophet and his four caliphs “radiy-Allahu anhum” which were, afterwards, fabricated and done in the name of worships.Bi’that: the year in which Hadrat Muhammad ‘sall-Allahu alaihi wa sallam’ was informed that he was the Prophet.bughd-i fillah: to dislike for the sake of Allah.Burâq: the animal of Paradise which took Rasûlullah from Mecca to Jerusalem during the Mi’râj event. It was white, very fast, sexless, smaller than a mule, and bigger than an ass.-D-Dajjâl: He will appear in the time period close to Doomsday. He is called Antichrist by Christians and will also be called Masih because his fame will spread over the world. He will be an enemy of Islam commanding innumerable soldiers. He will kill Muslims and bring discomfort and disorder. After shedding much blood, he will be killed by Mahdî.dalk: to rub the washed limbs gently with the palm or with a towel.dâr-ul-Islam: it refers to those countries where the Muslim law is in force. darûrat: 1- strong necessity, a samâwî (involuntary) reason that forces one to do something, that is, a situation which arises beyond one’s will, is called a darûrat 2- an involuntary excuse such as the danger of dying or losing a limb, or severe pain. These excuses make it mubâh [allowed] to perform an act that is normally harâm [forbidden] in Islam.dhikr: to mention the name of Allahu ta’âlâ through the heart, to remember, phrases of reciting the name of Allahu ta’âlâ.dîn: religion.du’â: supplication, invocation. It is the presentation of the born servants their needs and requests to Allahu ta’âlâ.-E-effendi: former Turkish title of respect.-F-fâiz: (or fâidh=interest) a percentage of a sum of money loaned to someone or borrowed from someone, which is harâm.fanâ: it means forgetting everything except Allahu ta’âlâ.fard: obligatory, an obligation clearly commanded by Allahu ta’âlâ in the Qur’ân al-karîm. It is a grave sin to omit a fard. When this commandment is incumbent on every individual Muslim, it is termed fard-i-’ayn. Otherwise, if all Muslims are absolved from a certain Islamic commandment when only one Muslim performs it, it is termed fard-i-kifâya.fâsid: null and void.fâsiq: a Muslim who commits sins habitually and frankly.Fâtiha: first sûra in the Qur’ân al-kerîm. It is recited during every standing position when performing namâz. It is also recited for the souls of dead Muslims.fatwâ: it means to communicate if something conforms or not with the Sharî’at. It is not a fatwâ only to say “It conforms” or “It is not permissible.” It is necessary also to say from whichbook of fiqh and from which writing this answer has beenderived. The fatwâs that are not conformable with books of fiqhare wrong. It is not permissible to depend on them.fiqh: jurisprudence, knowledge dealing with what Muslims must do and must not do, actions, deeds, ’ibâdât; teachings pertaining to religious practices.fitna: it means mischief, commotion, sedition, turmoil, chaos,instigation, etc. Any act, behaviour, statement, writing, article orattitude that would lead to harmful consequences is fitna, andtherefore harâm, even if it is done with good intentions apparentlyfitra: alms that must be given when the month of Ramadân is over.-G-ghayb: the unseen. Things that are not communicated by Islam, by calculations or by experiments are called ghayb (unknown).ghinâ’: a human voice accompanied with instrumental music is called ghinâ’ [that is, music].ghusl: ritual washing.-H-hadîth-i sharîf: blessed words of Rasûlullah [the Messenger of Allah] “sall-Allahu ‘alaihi wa sallam”.hadji: Muslim pilgrim.hadrat: title of respect used before the names of great people like prophets and Islamic scholars.haid: menstruation.hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca.hâl: continuous variation of the kashfs and manifestations that come to the heart.halâk: lexical meaning of halâk is destruction, perishing, exhaustion. In the context, it is used to mean “the measure of harm or danger which Islam dictated as a gauge whereby to decide about the step to be taken.” halâl: things that are not prohibited, or though prohibited, their prohibition has been abolished through one of the reasons which the Sharî’at accepts as an excuse, a hindrance or a necessity, are called halâl.halwat: staying together at a lonely place.hamd-u thanâ: thanking, praising, and lauding.haqq-ul-yaqîn: certainty coming from experience.haraj: difficulty. When it is difficult to prevent something from hindering the doing of a fard or from causing a harâm to be committed, the case is called haraj.harâm: prohibited, not permitted in Islam. It is a grave sin to commit a harâm act. harbî: see zimmî.hâshâ: Never! This exclamation is used before saying a blasphemy.hashr: assembling in the space of Arasât after the Resurrection.hawâ: the things which the nafs loves, desires.Hegira: Hadrat Muhammad’s (‘alaihissalâm) migration to Medina in 622. hidâya: the right way of Islâm.hubb-i fillah: to love for the sake of Allah.-I-‘ibâdat: acts of worship; carrying out the rules of our religion as commanded by it.ifrât: too much of something.iftâr: the act of breaking a fast. Fasting is done for thirty days in Ramadân. Iftâr is done when the sun sets.ihrâm: a special garment worn during the rites of pilgrimage in Mecca.i’jâz-i ilâhî: Divine Conciseness (of the Qur’ân al-karîm).ijmâ’: the Sahâbat al-kirâm’s and the Tâbi’ûn’s common act or unanimous comment on an affair; such unanimity or consensus.ijtihâd: it means to work with all one’s might, to strive and to take pains. In other words, it is to strive to derive the rules to solve problems that have not been explained clearly and openly in the Qur’ân or in the hadîths by likening them to matters that have been explained clearly and in detail. This can be done only by our Prophet (sall Allahu ’alaihi wa sallam), by all his Ashâb, and from among other Muslims, by those who have been promoted to the grade of ijtihâd; these exalted people are called Mujtahid.ikhlâs: sincerety, doing everything only to please Allahu ta’âlâ.ilâh: god [God means ma’bûd (that which, or who, is, or is to be, worshipped). Anything which is worshipped is called a god. The name of Allahu ta’âlâ is Allah, not God. There is no ilâh (god) besides Allahu ta’âlâ. It would be a very vile mistake to say “God” instead of “Allah.”]ilhâd: deviating from the right path. ‘ilm-i hâl book: a book written for the religiously non-educated people and that briefly and clearly describes the knowledge of kalâm (îmân [belief]), morals and fiqh which everybody must know and do.‘ilm-i Kalâm: this is the branch of knowledge that explains the Kalimat ash-shahâdat and the six tenets of îmân relative to it.‘ilm-i Ladun: it is the knowledge imparted by Allah without you making any effort. It is a kind of ghayb or secret knowledge.‘ilm-i Tasawwuf: it explains the things to be done or avoided with the heart, and the ways to purify the heart and the soul. This is also called ‘ilm-i akhlâq or ‘ilm-i ikhlâs.‘ilm-ul-yaqîn: certainty coming from knowledge.îmâ: îmâ means making signs with one’s head instead of making ruku’ and sajda (when there is an excuse prescribed by our religion). Those who perform namâz by îmâ bend a little for the ruku’ and again bend even more for the sajda.imâm: (pl. a’imma) 1-Profound savant, Imâm-al-Madhhab, leader, founder of a Madhhab; twelve a’imma (imâms), three male members of the Ahl-i bayt and their nine successors; Imâm-i a’zam (the greatest leader), title of Abû Hanîfa, leader of the Hanafî Madhhab. 2- Leader in public salât (namâz in jamâ’at).Imâmayn: the two imâms, namely, Imâm-i Muhammad and Imâm-i Abû Yûsuf.îmân: belief, faith; îmân means believing in the six fundamental principles of faith (Âmantu) along with all the commandments and prohibitions revealed to Hadrat Muhammad by Allahu ta’âlâ and delivered by him to us, and stating this belief with the tongue.imsâk: fajr, the time when fasting begins.iqâmat: the words recited while standing before beginning one of the five daily fard prayers.irâda-i juz’iyya: partial will.ishrâq: the time when the lower edge of the Sun is as high as the length of a spear from the line of the apparent horizon.isrâf: spending wastefully.istibrâ: Lexical meaning of “istibrâ” is to exert yourself, to free yourself from something disagreeable or impure. In the Islamic branch of fiqh, it means “after urination, to make sure that there is no urine left in the urethra lest it should drop into your pants afterwards and dirty them and brealk your ablution.” Istibrâ is done by gently squeezing urine drops out of the penis (manual istibrâ), by walking up and down for a while (about twenty minutes), or by lying on your left-hand side for a while. Istibrâ has yet another meaning in the branch of fiqh, used in matters pertaining to conjugal relationships. istidlâl: it means inferring the existence of the doer of the workby seeing the work, that is, to know the existence of the Creator by seeing creatures.istidrâj: Allah’s inciting a sinner to perdition by granting that person success.istighfâr: begging Allah for His forgiveness.istihâda: flux of blood from a woman other than catamenia and lochia; excuse.istikhâra: see salât of istikhâra.istinbât: it means to extract the essence of something.îthâr: giving precedence to others despite your own acute needs and necessities.i’tiqâd: the tenets of belief.‘Iyd: Eid‘izzat: superiority, honor, glory.izâr: an outer garment worn below the waist.-J-jâiz: permitted, permissible.jalsa: sitting for a while between the two sajdas.jamâ’at: a congregation of Muslims who perform namâz together adapting themselves to the movements of the imâm, the person who is staying in the front.janâbat: the state of being junub.Janâb-i Haqq: Allahu ta’âlâ.janâza: funeral.jâriya: a woman slave captured in a holy war.jazm: it means not to add a vowel to a final consonant.jihâd: jihâd means amr-i-ma’rûf and nahy-i-’an-il-munkar.The former means “to introduce Islam to disbelievers, andthereby to rescue them from the blight of disbelief,” and thelatter means “to teach Muslims Islam’s practices, and thereby to protect them from committing Islam’s prohibitions.” There are three ways of performing either one of these two duties (ofjihâd). The first way is to do it physically, or, in clearer terms, to perform jihâd by employing all sorts of weaponry; this sort of jihâd is conducted against dictators and imperialistic powers for the purpose of eliminating their obstructive policies over hapless masses of people who have fallen into the pit ofdisbelief as a result of being unaware of Islam or blindlyfollowing others or living under tyranny, oppression, persecution, exploitation, or misguidance. This type of jihâd is done only by Islamic states or by their armies. It is never permissible for any individual Muslim to attack and rob any disbeliever without the prior order, permission, and knowledge of an Islamic state. The second way of Islamic jihâd is to exploit all sorts of means of communication to spread Islam and to announce it to humanity. This type of jihâd is done only by Islamic scholars with the help and under the control of Islamic states. The third way of jihâd is to do it through prayer [supplication]. It is “fard-i-‘ayn” or in other words it is a must duty for every Muslim to perform this type of jihâd. Not performing this type of jihâd is a grave sin. Performing this third type of jihâd is done by praying for those who perform the first two types of jihâd. Those who are doing the first two types of jihâd are in need of the prayers of those who are not actively participating in the first two types of jihâd. All prayers performed with sincerity will surely be accepted.jizya: the tax which disbelievers under Muslim control pay to a Muslim government. Allahu ta’âlâ commands the jizya in the Qur’ân in order to disgrace disbelief. junub: a person who needs a ghusl ablution. What causes a person to become junub is prescribed by Islam.-K-Kâ’ba: the big structure in the great mosque in Mecca.kâfir: disbeliever.Kalima-i shahâdat: “Ash-hadu an lâ ilâha ill-Allah wa ash-hadu anna Muhammadan ’abduhû wa rasûluh.” It means: “There is no ilâh (being to be worshipped) except Allah; and Muhammad (‘alaihis-salâm) is His born slave and His Messenger whom He has sent to (guide) all humanity.”Kalimat at-tawhîd: the phrase “Lâ ilâha ill-Allah Muhammadun Rasûl-Allah.”kâmil: perfect.karâhat time: the time wherein it is not permissible to perform namâz.karâmat: extraordinary deeds which Allaha ta’âlâ creates outside His law of causation through the hands of His Awliyâ [dear slaves].kashf: manifestation, appearence of Allahu ta’âlâ’s Attributes.khafîf: light.khair: good, goodness.khatm: to read the Qur’ân from beginning to end. There is much thawâb in it, especially in the holy month of Ramadân. Imâm-i A’zâm Abû Hanîfa, leader of Hanafî Madhhab, often made the khatm in one or two rak’ats ofnamâz. That is, he recited the whole Qur’ân.khatm-i tahlîl: saying Lâ ilâha ill-Allah seventy thousand times.khawf: fear.khodja: master (especially in a religious school); a person who leads people in religious affairs.khutba: sermon, the speech made in the mosque by the îmâm during Friday prayer or ’Iyd prayer.kufr: disbelief.kufr al-juhûdî: also known as kufr al-inâdî, becoming a kâfir [disbeliever] knowingly, obstinately.-L-lâ-madhhabî: a person who does not follow any madhhab.Lawh-i mahfûz: in pre-eternity, Allahu ta’âlâ knew everything that would happen in the world. He explains His knowledge of eternity and His eternal Word to angels at a place called Lawh-i mahfûz. Angels do what they learn from the Lawh-i mahfûz.leave a namâz to qadâ: to postpone a namâz till after its prescribed time is over.-M-madhhab: all of what a profound ’âlim of (especially) fiqh (usually one of the four — Hanafî, Shafi’î, Mâlikî, Hanbalî) or îmân (one of the two, namely Ash’arî, Mâturîdî) communicated.mâ-i musta’mal: water that has been used for ghusl or ablution.Mahdî: Hadrat al-Mahdî will be a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad (‘alaihi ‘s-salâm). His name will be Muhammad and his father’s name will be ‘Abdullah. He will preside over Muslims, strengthen Islam and spread it everywhere. He will meet ‘Îsâ (‘alaihi ‘s-salâm), and together they will fight and kill ad-Dajjâl. During his time, Muslims will settle everywhere and live in comfort and ease.mahr: according to Islam, the mahr comprises things like gold, silver, banknotes, or any kind of property or any kind of benefit that is given by a man to the woman he is to marry.make iâda: to perform a namâz for the second time for any reason whatsoever.make jam’: to perform the early and late afternoon prayers or the evening and night prayers one immediately after the other within the time prescribed for either one of them.make khilâl: to comb with fingers, insert one or more fingers to wash or moisten, takhlîl.make niyyat: to intend by heart.make qadâ of: to make up.makrûh: improper, disliked or abstained by the Prophet.makrûh tahrîmî: makrûh with much stress; it is close to harâm.makrûh tanzîhî: makrûh of a lesser degree.mandûb: an act for which there is thawâb [blessing] and if omitted there is no sin.mansûkh: some âyats were abrogated by some other âyats that descended later. The former are called mansûkh, which means ‘‘abrogated.’’ The latter are called nâsikh, which means ‘‘the one that has abrogated the other.’’ The âyat about wine is an example.ma’rifa: knowledge pertaining to Allahu ta’âlâ’s Person. Religious knowledge that cannot be comprehended through the five senses or through the intellect can be learned from the Prophet’s words. Within religious information there is such knowledge which cannot be recorded in books or which cannot be explained through words. No words can be found to explain them. They are called ma’rifats. The owner of these ma’rifats is called “Murshid.” They can be obtained only as a result of flowing from the murshid’s heart or from the dead ones’ souls into the hearts of those who desire them. There are some conditions to be fulfilled for attaining this.ma’rûf: good acts approved by Islâm.masah: rubbing one’s wet hands.masbûk: a person who has not caught up with the imâm in the first rak’at.mashrû’at: things that Muslims are commanded to do.masjid: mosque.masts: waterproof shoes covering the part of the foot which is fard to wash (in ablution).ma’siyyat: sinful actions.mawlid: it refers to the observance of the birthday of Islamic Prophet that occurred in Rabi’ al-awwal, the third month in the Islamic calendar. It also means “eulogies that narrate his birthday.”mazî: see mazy.mazy: (also mazî) a few drops of white fluid liquid that comes out when one is aroused. mihrâb: it is a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla.Mi’râj: the Prophet’s ascent to Heaven.Mîzân: in the Hereafter, there will be a Mîzân “balance” for weighing deeds and conduct. It does not resemble worldly balances.muadhdhin: a person who calls the adhân.muakkad sunnat: see sunnat-i muakkada.mubâh: permissible; a thing, action permitted in Islam; an act neither ordered nor prohibited. Things that are mubâh earn you sins or thawâb depending on the intetention of a person who does them. mubâhala: when two persons do not believe each other, they say, “May Allah curse the one among us who is lying.” This process is termed mubâhala.mufsid: an act which makes a worship invalid.muftabih qawl: the report preferred as the fatwâ from among the various ijtihâds of mujtahid scholars.muhabbat-i zâtiyya: love for only Allah without including His Attributes. Divine love is love for Allah together with His Attributes.muhdis: a Muslim who does not have an ablution.mu’jiza: miracles; extraordinary situations Allahu ta’âlâ creates outside His law of causation through the hands of His prophets in order to prove their prophethood.mujtahid: great ‘âlim capable of employing ijtihâd.mukhlâs: owners of permanent ikhlâs.mukhlis: those who have inconstant ikhlâs and who strive to obtain ikhlâs.mulaffiq: one who looks for and gathers the facilities of the four madhhabs.mulhid: a person who goes out of Islam by giving wrong meanings to âyat-i-karîmas and hadîth-i-sharifs, that is whose îmân is corrupt, is called a mulhid.mulk-i habis: if one mixes all of the harâm goods taken from various people with one’s own halâl property of the things left in a trust, and if one cannot easily distinguish the harâm ones from the others, this mixture becomes one’s own property. This mixture is called mulk-i habis.Mu’min: Believer, Muslim.munâfiq: hypocrite, a person who pretends to be a Muslim though being a disbeliever.munazzah: free from any unworthy thing.muqîm: settled.murtad: renegade.musâfir: traveler.Mushaf: It is the state of the Qur'an collected between two covers with the style as starting from the chapter Fâtiha and ending with the chapter Nâs.mustahab: an act for which there is thawâb (blessing) and if omitted there is no sin.musta’mal water: water used for the ghusl or ablution.muwâlât: quickness, to wash the limbs one right after another.Muzdalifa: the area between the city of Mecca and ‘Arafât.-N-nabî: a prophet who did not bring a new religion but invited people to the previous one.nâfila: acts of worhip that are supererogatory, optional, and non-compulsory in contrast to fards and wâjibs. They are higly recommended and bring much thawâb. nafs: a negative force within humans that prompts them to do evil.nafs-i ammâra: headstrong nafs.nafy: to dispel the thought of creatures from the heart.Nahy-i-ani-l-munkar: Admonishing, warning against the Islamic prohibitions.najâsat: substances which Islâm prescribes as dirty.najs: religiously dirty.na’ls: pattens.nâ-mahram: not one of the eighteen women whom the Sharî’at has prescribed as a man’s close relatives, and vice versa.namâz: ritual prayer.naql: to convey the religious knowledge communicated by Islamic scholars without making any changes. nashr: dispersing after the settling of accounts to go into Paradise or Hell.nass: general term for âyats and hadîths (pl. nusûs).nifâq: faction.nifâs: puerperium.nikâh: marriage contract made in accordance with Islam.niyyat: intention.nûr: light, halo.-Q-qaba: heavy.qadâ’: not to perform acts of worship in their due times but to perform them after their due times are over. A namaz of qadâ is the one which is performed after its prescribed time. It is fard to make qadâ of a fard, and it is wâjib to make qadâ of a wâjib.qadâ’: the [instance of] creation of anything just compatibly with qadar.qa’da-i âkhira: last sitting in namâz.qa’da-i ûlâ: first sitting in a namâz that contain three or four rak’ats.qadar: Allahu ta’âlâ’s predestination in eternity of things that have been and will be created from eternity in the past to the everlasting future.qawl: report.qawma: standing upright and motionless after ruku’.qibla: the direction a Muslim turns when performing namâz, the direction pointing to Kâ’ba.qirâat: standing and reciting the Qur’ân when performing namâz; recitation.Qirâat-i Shâzza: the Qur’ân which follows the rules of Arabic grammar and which does not change the meaning, but which is unlike the one that was collected together by Hadrat ‘Uthman. It is not permissible to read it during namâz or at any other place; it is a sin. qiyâm: standing position in namâz.qiyâs: (conclusion drawn by a mujtahid through) likening or comparing a matter not clearly stated in the Nass [âyats and hadîths] and ijmâ’ to a similar one stated clearly.Qiyâmat: Doomsday.quddisa sirruh: used for scholars and other notable personalities in Islam in the meaning of “May Allahu ta’âlâ make his secret very sacred.”qurbân: (1) Sacrifice; (2) the animal to be slaughtered.qurbat: if a person does a tâ’at knowing that he does it for Allah’s sake, it is called qurbat.Qutub-i sitta: the six hadith books which all Islamic savants have confirmed to be correct.-R-Rabb: it is an Arabic word meaning Lord, Sustainer, Cherisher, Master, which in Islamic context refers to Allahu ta’âlâ.radîy-Allahu ‘anh: used for any righteous and noble male companions of the Prophet in the meaning of “May Allah be pleased with him.’’rajâ’: hope.rak’at: units of namâz each of which comprises the actions of standing, bowing and two times prostration. Most prayers of namâz consist of two or four rak’ats. One of them contains three rak’ats.rasûl: a prophet who brought a new religion.Rasûlullah: the Prophet of Allahu ta’âlâ, Muhammad ‘alaihissalâm.rizq: sustenance.rukhsat: permission; the easy way in carrying out a fard or avoiding a harâm. rukn: the fards in namâz are called rukn. Recitation of an âyat, the ruku’, the two sajdas and sitting in the last rak’at are each a rukn.ruku’: bowing by putting hands on the knees.-S-safar: travel.safarî: traveler.sahîh: (1) valid, lawful; (2) a kind of hadîth. Kinds of hadîth are explained in the sixth chapter of the second fascicle of Endless Bliss.sahûr: the meal which is eaten towards dawn before beginning the fast.sajda: prostration.sajda-i sahw: two sajdas (prostrations) done as soon as namâz is over in order to have some errors that may have been done while performing namâz forgiven.sajda-i tilâwat: prostration after the recitation of certain verses in the Qur’ân al-karîm.Salaf-i sâlihîn: the Sahâba, the Tâbi’ûn, and the Taba-i tâbi’ûn are called the Salaf-i sâlihîn.salâm: (1) greeting; (2) saying “Assalâm-u ‘alaikum wa rahmat-ullah” at the end of a namâz.salât: prayer, namâz.salât of istikhâra: a namâz performed to seek Allahu ta’âlâ’s guidance when one is unsure about a decision.salawât: the prayer upon saying or hearing the blessed name of Hadrat Muhammad “sallAllahu ‘alaihi wa sallam.”sâlih: pious, devoted.sallallahu ‘alaihi wa âlihî wa sallam: used exclusively after the name of Hadrat Muhammad in the meaning of ‘‘May blessings of Allahu ta’âlâ be upon him and his family.’’samâwî: involuntary.sayr-i âfâqî: “âfâq” means “outside man.” Sayr-i âfâqî means man’s making progress outside himself. sayr-i anfusî: “sayr” means “to go, to make progress.” “Anfus” means “inside man.” “Sayr-i anfusî” means “man’s progress inside himself.”shad: (in Arabic) means to soundly fasten something with a wire. shafâ’at: intercession.Shaikhayn: Imâm-i A’zam and Imâm-i Abû Yûsuf.shaikh-ul-Islâm: the chief religious official in the Ottoman Empire. sharr: evil.Shaytân: Satan.shirk: (polytheism) to attribute a partner to Allahu ta’âlâ. simâ’: a voice without instrumental music is called simâ’.sultân: a Muslim ruler in the past.sunnat: act, thing, though not commanded by Allahu ta’âlâ, done and liked by the Prophet (‘alaihissalâm) as an ’ibâda; there is thawâb if done, but no sin if omitted, yet it is a sin if continually omitted and disbelief if despised.sunnat-i ghayr-i muakkada: unemphatic, omitted from time to time by our blessed Prophet.sunnat-i kifâya: they are the sunnats which lapse from other Muslims if they are done by a few Muslims. sunnat-i muakkada (=sunnat-i hudâ): emphatic, practised regularly by our blessed Prophet. They are the shi’âr (symptoms) of the Islâmic religion. [That is, they are peculiar to Islam; they do not exist in other religions.]sunnat-i zawâid: things which Rasûlullah (sallallahu ’alaihi wa sallam) has done continuously not as ’ibâdat (worship) but as ’âdat (habit) are called sunnat-i zawâid.sûra(t): a chapter of the Qur’ân al-karîm.-T-taannî: opposite of hastiness.tâ’at: those actions which Allahu ta’âlâ likes, such as giving alms. These are also called “hasana.” He has promised that He will give “ajr,” that is, thawâb (blessings) to a Muslim who performs tâ’at. When the tâ’ats are done without an intention or intended for Allah’s sake, blessings are given. When one does a tâ’at, it will be accepted whether one knows or not that one is doing it for Allah’s sake.tab’an makrûh: that which is repugnant to the human nature.tadbîb: to wind a band or something wide and flat like the sliding iron bolt of a door around an object.ta’dîl-i-arkân: to remain motionless for a while after becoming calm at five places in namâz, namely, at ruku’, at two sajdas, at qawma, and at jalsa.tafrît: too little of something.tafsîr: explanation, expounding.taghannî: to recite with a melodious voice. Taghannî divides into two categories as sunnat and harâm. The taghannî which is sunnat is to recite it compatibly with tajwîd. The latter, which is harâm, is to resonate your voice in your larynx so as to produce various sounds, and it causes words to defile. It is not permissible to recite by making taghannî, that is by defiling the words. As is seen, if saying the words melodiously does not defile their meaning, if the letters are not prolonged by a length of two letters, and if it is intended to beautify the voice and to embellish the recitation, it is permissible. In fact, it is mustahab to do so when performing namâz as well as when not performing namâz.tajdîd: renewal.tajwîd: the branch of knowledge teaching how to read the Qur’ân correctly.tahârat: cleaning private parts after urinating or defecating.takbîr: Allahu akbar.takbîr-i tashrîq: according to the Imâmayn, from morning prayer on the ‘Arafa day, that is, the day preceding the ’Iyd of Qurbân, until late afternoon prayer on the fourth day, which amounts to twenty-three prayers of namâz in all, it is wâjib for everyone, men and women alike, for hadjis and for those who are not making the hajj, for those who are performing namâz in jamâ’at and for those who are performing it alone to say the Takbîr-i tashriq (Allahu akbar, Allahu akbar. Lâ ilâha illallah. Wallahu akbar. Allahu akbar wa lillahil-hamd) once immediately after making the salâm in any namâz that is fard or when making qadâ of any fard namâz for the days of this ’Iyd. This (takbîr) is said after the prayers of Friday, tootakbîr of iftitâh: the takbîr said at the beginning of a namâz.takfîr: declaring a Muslim a kâfir [disbeliever].ta’khîr: performing the earlier one of two prayers in the time of the later one.takhlîl: to comb with fingers, insert one or more fingers to wash or moisten, make khilâl.talfîq: eclecticism; unification of madhhabs. Collecting the permitted, easy things of madhhabs, which is harâm. tama’: using forbidden means to obtain worldlies.taqdîm: performing the later one of two prayers in the time of the earlier one.taqwâ: fearing Allahu ta’âlâ, abstention from harâms [prohibitions].Tarafayn: Imâm-i A’zam Abû Hanîfa and Imâm-i Muhammad.tartîb: to wash your limbs in prescribed order.tasawwuf: see ‘ilm-i tasawwuf.tasbîh: Subhânallah, Alhamdulillah, Allahu akbar, 33 times each after five daily prayers. It is also used for only Subhânallah.tasfiya: purification in the heart.tashahhud: sitting postures; sitting and reciting certain prayer (called Attahiyyâtu) during namâz.taswîf: procrastination in performing pious deeds.tawakkul: trust in, expectation of everything from Allahu ta’âlâ exclusively; expecting from Allahu ta’âlâ the effectiveness of the cause [sabab] after working and holding on to the cause.tawba: repentance.tawhîd: (belief in) the Oneness of Allahu ta’âlâ.tawqîfî: Allahu ta’âlâ’s Names are tawqîfî, that is, it is permissible to use His Names shown by Islam and not permissible to use other words.tayammum: it is a simple procedure you follow as a substitute for an ablution and ghusl and which is permissible in want of water. You do it by rubbing your arms and your face with your hands dusted with clean soil.ta’zîr: general name for various types of punishment which the Islamic religion inflicts for some crimes. thawâb: Muslims will be rewarded in the next world for all their pious actions which they have done in the world. The rewards which Muslims will be given in the next world are called “thawâb.” The word is used as an adjective as well as a noun. For example, when we say that an action is very thawâb, it means that Allah will give many rewards for that action, it is rewardful.tumânînat: keeping all one’s limbs motionless in ruku’, in sajda, in qawma, and in jalsa.-U-'udhr: a good excuse. By an “udhr,” we mean a situation which Islam recognizes as an excuse that will absolve a Muslim from the responsibility of not performing an Islamic commandment. An excuse of this sort is termed ‘udhr.ummat: followers of Prophets.umûm al-balwâ: a common plight, tribulation that plagues the masses.‘ushr: the zakât of production obtained from one’s land is termed ‘ushr. It is fard also to pay ‘ushr. Even a person in debt has to pay it. usûl-i fiqh: the knowledge of usûl-i fiqh explains how learnings of fiqh are derived from âyats and hadîths.-W-wadî: turbid white thick liquid that issues after urination.wahy: divine revelation; Allah’s commands that come to prophets directly or through an angel. The entire Qur’ân is wahy that has come through the angel Jabrâîl (‘alaihissalâm).wâjib: essential, almost obligatory, almost as compulsory as fard, so not to be omitted; that never omitted by the Prophet. Allahu ta’âlâ’s commandments that are not as clear as a fard, but are inferred through deduction are called wâjib.walî: see awliyâ.warâ’: to abstain from the dubious. [By dubious we mean the actions which we do not know for sure whether they are permitted or forbidden.]wasl: it is to combine a final consonant with the vowel sound of the following word.waswasa: evil suggestions insinuated by the devil.watan: home.watan-i aslî: one’s real home.watan-i iqâmat: one’s transient home.waty: intercourse.witr: the namâz that follows the night prayer. -Y-yaqîn: absolute belief; belief which is as positive as the conviction you feel when you have seen something you are to believe.-Z-zâhid: those people who do not set their hearts on worldly possessions.zakât: (fard duty of giving annually) a certain amount of certain kinds of property given to certain kinds of people, whereby the remaining property becomes purified and blessed, and the Muslim who gives it protects himself against being (called) a miser.Zât-i ilâhî: Divine Person.zawâl: midday, the time at which the Sun is at its highest point from the horizon and after which the time of early afternoon prayer begins.zimmî (or dhimmî): The Islamic religion recognizes two kinds of countries in the world: (1) The Muslim country called “Dâr-ul-Islâm”; (2) The country of disbelievers called “Dâr-ul-harb.” Those disbelievers who live in “Dâr-ul-Islam” and who have submitted to pay the jizya, are called “ahl-i-zimmat” or “zimmî.” They live comfortably and peacefully possessing Muslims’ rights and freedom fully. They perform their worships freely. Those disbelievers who live in Dâr-ul-harb and who are not under Islam’s authority are called Harbîs.zindiq: one who endeavors to defend and spread one’s own thoughts under the name of Islam, though they are, in fact, incompatible with Islam.zuhd: to abstain from the majority of the mubâh for fear that they may be dubious.

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